Guide to the
scientificliterature
on potential medical uses of Cannabis and the
cannabinoids
Pate, D.W. 1995.
Guide tothe scientific literature on potential medical
uses of Cannabis andthe cannabinoids. Journalof the
International Hemp Association 2(2):74-76
Marijuana and
its componentcannabinoids have been demonstrated to
affect many medicalconditions. However, orginalsources on
this topic are often difficult to access, as they
arediffusely distributed acrossa voluminous scientific
literature. This bibliography gathers mostof the primary
( and someof the secondary) citations available,
categorized according tomedical indication.
Introduction
Widespread
reports of self-medicationwith Cannabis have aroused
medical and scientificinterest in the
potentialapplication of cannabinoids for the treatment of
variely of diseases.Some limited human trialsor case
studies have revealed the safety and efficacy of this
classof compounds for the symptomatictreatment of a broad
number of ailments. The results oftests on other animals
orin vitro experiments imply new paths of clinical
investigation.The references below representa starting
point for further inquiry. Included are papersregardless
of their experimentaloutcome. Not included are citations
related to the presentlyapproved uses of THC
(i.e.cancer chemotherapy nausea amelioration, AIDS
patient appetitestimulation)
Anxiety and
Psychosis
- Guimares,
F.S. et al., 1990.Anxiolytic effect of
cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze
Psychopharmacology100: 558-559.
- Guimares,
F.S. et al., 1994.Anxiolytic effect of
cannabidiol derivatives in the elevated
plus-maze.Gen. Pharmac. 25: 161-164.
- Zuardi,
A.W. et al., 1982. Actionof cannabidiol on the
anxiety and other effects produced by
delta-9-THCin normal subjects. Psychopharmacology
76: 245-250.
- Zuardi,
A.W. et al., 1991. Effectsof cannabidol in
animals models predictive of antipsychotic
activity. Psychopharmacology 104: 260-264.
- Zuardi,
A.W. et al., 1993. Effectsof ipsapirone and
cannabidiol on human experimental anxiety.
J. Psychophamacol.7: 82-88
Asthma
- Gong, H. et al.,
1984.Acute and subacute bronchial effects of oral
cannabinoids. Clin.Pharm.Ther. 35: 26-32
- Graham,
J.D.P., 1986. The bronchodilatoraction of
cannabinoids. In Cannabinoids as
- Therapeutic
Agents, R. Mechoulam,Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, pp. 147-158
- Hartley,
J.P., et al., 1978.Bronchodilator effect of
delta-9-THC.. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 5:523.
- Karniol,
I.G., et al., 1974.Cannabidiol interferes with
the effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocanna-binolin
man. Eur. J. Pharmac. 28: 172
- Tashkin,
D., et al., 1973. Acutepulmonary psysiologic
effects of smoked marijuana and oral
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolin healty young men.
New Engl. J.Med. 289: 336-341.
- Tashkin,
D., et al., 1976. Acuteeffects of smoked
marijuana on airway dynamics in spontaneous and
experimentallyinduced bronchial asthma. In The
Pharmacology of marijuana, Braude andSzara, Eds.,
Raven Press, New York, pp. 785-799.
- Vachon, L.
et al., 1976 Airwaysrespons to aerosolized
delta-9-THC preliminary repor In The
TherapeuticPotential of Marijuana, Cohen, S. and
Stillman, R.C., Eds., Plenum Press,New York, p.
111.
- Vachon, L.
et al., 1976. Airwaysresponse to
micro-aerosolized delta-9-THC. Chest 70-444
- Williams,
S.J. et al., 1976.Bronchodilator effect of
delta-9-THC admimistered by aerosol to
asthmaticpatients. Thorax 31: 720
Epilepsy
- Ames, F.R.
and Cridland, S.,1986. Anticonvulsant effect of
cannabidiol. S. Afr. Med.69:14
- Consroe,
P.F. et al., 1975.Anticonvulsant Nature of marih.
smoking. J.A.M.A. 234: 306-307
- Cunha, J.M.
et al., 1980. Chronicadministration of
cannibidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic
patients.Pharmacolog 21: 175-185
- Davis, J.P.
and Ramsey, H.H.,1949. Anti-epileptic action of
narijuana-active substances.Fed. Proc. Am.Soc.
Exp. Biol. 8: 284
- Feeney, D.
1976. Marihuana useamong epileptics. J.A.M.A.
235: 1105.
- Karler, R.
and Turkanis, S.A.1981. The cannabinoids as
potential antiepileptic. J. Clinical
Pharmacology21: 437S-448S.
- Karler, R.
el al., 1973. Theanti-convulsant activity of
cannabidiol and cannabinol. Life
Sci. 13:
1527-1531
- Karler, R.
el al., 1984. Interactionbetween
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and kindling by
electrical and chemicalstumilation in mice.
Neuropharmacology 23: 1315-1320.
- Karler, R.
el al., 1989. Pentylenetetrazolekindling in mice.
Neuropharmacology 28:775-780
- Karler, R.
el al., 1974. Anticonvulsantproperties of
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other
cannabinoids. LifeSci. 15: 931-947.
- Karler, R.
el al., 1986. ProlongedCNS hyperexcitability in
mice after a single exposure to
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.Neuropharmacology
25: 441-446.
- Karler, R.
and Turkanis, S.,1976. The anti-epileptic
potential of the cannabinoids. In The
TherapeuticPotential of Marijuana, Cohen and
Stillman, Eds., Plenum Press, New
York, 383-396.
- Turkanis,
S. el al., 1974. Anti-convulsantproperties of
cannabinol. Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol.
8: 231-246.
Glaucoma
- Colasanti,
B.K. 1986. Review:Ocular hypotensive affect of
marihuana cannabinoids: correlate of
centralaction or separate phenomenon. J. Ocular
Pharmacology 2(3): 295-304.
- Colasanti,
B.K. et al., 1984.Ocular hypotension, ocular
toxicity, and neurotoxicity in response to
marijuanaextract and cannabidiol. Gen. Pharmacol.
15: 479.
- Colasanti,
B.K. et al., 1984.Intraocular pressure, ocular
toxicity and neurotoxicity after
administrationof delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or
cannabichromene. Exp. Eye Res. 38: 63.
- Colasanti,
B.K. et al., 1984.Intraocular pressure, ocular
toxicity and neurotoxicity after administrationof
cannabinol or cannabigerol. Exp. Eye Res.39:
231-259.
- Crawford,
W. & Merritt,J.C., 1979. Effects of
tetrahydrocannabinol on arterial and
intraocularhypertension. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol.
Biopharmacol. 17: 191-196.
- Green, K.
and McDonald, T.F.,1987. Ocular toxicology of
marijuana: an update. J. Toxi col.-cut and
OcularToxicol. 6: 309-334.
- Hepler,
R.S. and Frank, I.M.1971. Marihuana smoking and
intraocular pressure.
J.A.M.A. 217:
1392.
- Hepler,
R.S. et at., 1976. Oculareffects of marijuana
smoking. In The Pharmacology of Marijuana,
Braude,M.C., and Szara, S., Eds., Raven Press,
New York, p. 813.
- Levitt, M.
et at., 1981. Physiologicobservations in a
controlled clinical trial of the antieme tic
effectivenessof 5, 10, and 15 mg of
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in cancer chemo
therapy:ophthalmologic implications. J. Clin.
Pharmacol. 21: 103S.
- Merritt,
J.C. et at., 1980.Effect of marijuana on
intaocular and blood pressure in glaucoma.
Ophtalmology87: 222.
- Merritt,
J.C. et at., 1981.Topical
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in hypertensive
glaucomas.J. Parm.Pharmacol. 33: 40-41.
- Merritt,
J.C. et at., 1981.Topical
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and aqueous dynamics
in glaucoma. J.
Clin. Pharmacol. 21: 467S-471S.
- Merrit,
J.C. et at., 1980
Oraldelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in heterogenous
glaucomas. Ann. Ppthalmol.12: 8
- Merritt,
J.C. et at., 1982.Topical
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as a potential
glaucoma agent. Glaucoma4: 253-255.
- Shapiro,
D., 1974. The ocularmanifestation of the
cannabinoids. Ophtalmologia 168: 366-369
Inflammation
and swelling
- Barret,
M.L. et al., 1985. Isolationfrom Cannabis sativa
L. of Cannflavon-a novel inhibitor or
prostaglandinproduction. Biochem. Pharmacol. 34:
2019.
- Burstein,
S.H. et al., 1989.Antagonism to the actions of
platelet activating factor bu a
nonpsychoactivecannabinoid. J. Pharmacol. Exp.
Therap. 251: 531-535.
- Evans, A.T.
et al., 1987. Actionsof Cannabis constituents on
enzymes or arachidonate
metabolism:anti-inflammatory potential. Biochem.
Pharmacol. 36: 2037-2040
- Formukong,
E.A. et al., 1987.Cannabinoids, the active
constituents of Cannabis sativa
L. inhibit both human and
rabbit platelet aggregation. Br. J. Pharmacol.
92(S):601.
- Formukong,
E.A. et al., 1989.The inhibitory effects of
cannabinoids, the active constituents of
Cannabissativa L. on human and rabbit platelet
aggregation. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.41: 705-709.
- Formukong,
E.A. et al., 1988.Analgesic and anti-inflammatory
activity of constituents of Cannabis sativaL.
Inflammation 12: 361-371.
- Sofia, R.D.
et al., 1973. Antiedemicand analgesic properties
of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol compared
withthree other drugs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 35:
7-16.
- Sofia, R.D.
et al., 1974. Comparativeanti-phlogistic activity
of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol,
hydrocortisoneand aspirin in various rat paw
edema models. Life Sci. 15: 251-260.
Microbial
Infections
- Blevins,
R.D. and Damie, M.R.,1980. The effect of
delta-9-THC on Herpes simplex virus replication.
J.Gen. Virol. 49: 427.
- Dahiya,
M.S. and Jain, G.C.,1977. Antibacterial activity
of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol.
IndianDrugs Pharm. Ind. 12: 31-34.
- Elsohly,
H.N. et al., 1982.Synthesis and antimicrobial
activity of certain cannabichromene and
canabigerolrelated compounds. J. Pharm. Sci. 71:
1319-1323.
- Ferenczy,
L. et at., 1958. Anantibacterial preparatum from
hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Naturwissenschaften.45:
188.
- Grlic, L.,
1962. A comparativestudy on some chemical and
biological characteristics of various samplesof
Cannabis resin. Bull. Narc. 14: 37-46.
- Kabelik,
J., et al., 1960. Cannabisas a medicament. Bull.
Narc. 12: 5.
- Krejci, Z.,
1958. Hanf (Cannabissativa)- Antibiotisches
heilmittel. 2. Methodik und ergebnisse der
bakteriologischenuntersuchungen und vorlaufige
klinische erfahrungen. Pharmazie 13: 155-164.
- Krejci, Z.,
1970. Changes withmaturation in amounts of
biologically interesting substances of
Cannabis.In The Botany and Cnemistry of Cannabis,
Proc. Conf., Joyce, C.R.D., Ed., J.& A.
Churchill, London, pp. 49-55.
- Krejci,Z.,
1961. The problemof substances with antibacterial
action: Cannabis effect. Casop. Lek. Cesk.43:
1341-1354.
- Martinec,
T. and Felklova, M.,1959. Einfluss veraschiedener
dungung suf die antibakterielle aktivitatdes
hanfes, Cannabis sativa L. Pharmazie 14: 276-279.
- Martinec,
T. and Felklova, M.,1959. Veranderungen der
antibakteriellen aktivitat im verlaus der
individuellenentwicklung des hanfes (Cannabis
sativa L.). Pharmazie 14: 276-279.
- Radosevic,
A. et al., !962.Antibiotic activity of various
types of Cannabis resin. UN SecretariatDoc.
ST/SOA/SER.S/6. 9 jan. 25.
- Radosevic,
A. et al., 1962.Antibiotic activity of various
types of Cannabis resin. Nature 195: 1007-1009.
Van
Kingeren, B. and TenHam, M., 1976. Antibacterial
activity of delta-9-THC and cannabidiol. Ant.van
Leeuw. J. Microbiol Serol. 42: 9.
Movement
Disorders
- Consroe, P.
et al., 1986. Openlabel evaluation of cannabidiol
in dystonic disorders. Int.J. Neurosci. 30:
277-282.
- Consroe, P.
et al., 1991. Controlledclinical trial of
cannabidiol in Huntington's disease. Pharmacol.
Biochem.Behav. 40: 701-708.
- Frankel,
J.P. et al., 1990.Marijuana for Parkinsonian
tremor. J. Neurol.
Neurosurg. Psychiatry
53: 436.
- Hemming, M.
and Yellowle, P.M.,1993. Effective treatment of
Tourette's-Syndrome with marijuana.J.
Psychopharmacol. 7: 389-391.
- Moss, D.E.
et al., 1989. Nicotineand cannabinoids as
adjuncts to neuroleptics in the treatment of
Tourettesyndrome and other motor disorders. Life
Sci. 44: 1521-1525.
- Ruchman,
M.C., 1988. Role ofcannabidiol in the medical
treatment of Meige's syndrome. Ear Nose Throat
J. 67: 919.
- Sandyk, R.
et al.,1986. Cannabidiolin dystonic movement
disorders.Psychiatry Res.18: 291
- Snider,
S.R. and Consroe, P.,1984. Treatment of Meige
syndrome with cannabidiol. Neurology 34(S1): 147.
- Snider,
S.R. and Consroe, P.,1985. Beneficial and adverse
effects of cannabidiol in aParkinson patient with
sinemet-induceddystonic dyskinesia. Neurology
35(S1): 201.
Multiple
Sclerosis, Spasticityand other Neuromuscular Disorders
- Clifford,
David B., 1983. Tetrahydrocannabinolfor tremor in
MultipleSclerosis. Ann. Neurol.13: 669-671.
- Dunn, M.
and Davis, R.,1974.The perceived effects of
marijuana on spinal cord injuredmales. Paraplegia
12: 175.
- Elkin, R.
et al., 1987. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol:a
novel treatment of inflammatory demyelination.Fed. Proc.
46: 1378.
- Greenberg,
H.S. et al., 1990.Marijuana and its effect on
postural stability in MultipleSclerosis patients
with controls.Neurology 40(S1): 259.
- Hanigan,
W.C. et al., 1986.The effects of
delt-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on human
spasticity.J. Am. Soc. Clin. Pharmacol.39: 198.
- Lyman, W.D.
et al., 1989. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol:A
novel treatment for experimental autoimmune
encephalitis. J. Meuroimmunol.23: 73-82.
- Malec, J.
et al., 1982. Cannabiseffect on spasticity
in spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab.63:
116.
- Mauer, M.
et al., 1990. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolshows
anti-spastic and analgesic effectsin a single case
double-blind trial. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin.
Neurosci.240: 1-4.
- Meinck,
H.M. et al., 1989. Effectof cannabinoids on
spasticity and ataxia in Multiple Sclerosis.J. Neurol. 236:
120-122.
- Petro, D.
1980. Marihuana asa therapeutic agent for muscle
spasm or spasticity. Psychosomatics.21: 81-85.
- Petro, D.
and Ellenberger, C.,Jr. 1981. Treatment of human
spasticity with delta-tetrahydrocannabinol.J.
Clin. Pharmacol. 21: 413S-416S.
- Truong,
X.T. and Hanigan, W.C.,1986. Effect of
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on electromyographicmeasurements
in human spasticity. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Pharmacol. Therp. 39: 232.
Ungerleider,
J.T. et al.,1987. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in
the treatment of spasticityassociated with
Multiple Sclerosis.Adv. Alcohol Subst. Abuse 7:
39-50.
Niemann-Pick
Disease
- Burstein,
S. et al., 1984. Stimulation of sphingomyelin
hydrolysisby cannabidol in fibro blasts from a
Niemann-Pick patient. Biochem. Biophys.Res. Comm.
121: 168-173.
Opiate and
Alcohol Addiction
- Bhargava,
H.N., 1976.Effect of some cannabinoids on
naloxone-precipitated abstinence
inmorphine-dependent rats. Psychopharmacology49:
267.
- Carder, B.,
1975. Blockage ofmorphine abstinence by
delta-9-THC. Science 190: 590.
- Hine, B. et
al., 1975. Morphine-dependentrats: blockage of
precipitated abstinence by THC Science187: 443.
- Mikuriya,
T., 1970. Cannabissubstitution: an adjunctive
tool in the treatment of alcoholism Med. Times98:
187-191.
- Rosenberg,
C., 1976. The useof marijuana in the treatment of
alcoholism. In The TherapeuticPotential of
Marijuana, Cohen and Stillman, Eds., Plenum
Press, New York, pp. 173-185.
- Rosenberg,
C.M. et al., 1978.Cannabis in the treatment of
alcoholism. J. Stud. Alcohol 39: 155.
- Scher, J.,
1971. Marijuana asan agent in rehabilitating
alcoholism. Am. J. Psychiatry 127:971-972
Pain
- Harris, L.,
1976. Analgesicand antitumor potential of the
cannabinoids. In The Therapeuticpotential of
marijuana, Cohenand Stillman, Eds., Plenum Press,
New York, pp. 299-305.
- Milstein,
S.L. et al., 1975.Marijuana-produced changes in
pain tolerance: experienced andnon-experienced
subjects. Int.Pharmacopsychiatry 10: 177-182.
- Noyes,
S.J., Jr. and Baram,D.A., 1974. Cannabis
analgesia. Compr. Psychiatry 15: 5.
- Noyes,
S.J., Jr. et al., 1975.The analgesic properties
of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol andcodeine. Clin.
Pharmacol. Ther.18: 84-89.
- Noyes,
S.J., Jr. et al., Theanalgesic effect of
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J. Clin.Pharmacol.
15: 139.
- Volfe, Z.
et al., 1985. Cannabinoidsblock release of
serotonin from platelets induced by plasmafrom migraine
patients. Int. J. Clin. Pharm. Res. 5: 243-246.
- Zeidenberg,
P., et al., 1973.Effect of oral administration of
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolon memory, speech and
perceptionof thermal stimulation: results with
four normal human subjects.Preliminary
report. Compr. Psychiatry 14: 549.
Ulcers
- Bateman,
D.N., 1987. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinoland
gastric emptying. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol 15:
139.
- Douthwaite,
A.H., 1947. Choiceof drugs in the treatment of
duodenal ulcer. Br. Med. J.43: 4514
- Nalin, D.R.
et al., 1978. Cannabis,hypochlrohydria and
cholera. Lancet 2: 859.
- Sofia, R.D.
et al., 1978. Evaluationof antiulcer activity of
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the Shay rat
test. Pharmacology 17: 173.
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